A Closer Look at “The Oxbow” by Thomas Cole

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Bonus Download: Before diving into this post, make sure you grab my free Landscape Painting Starter Kit.

In this post I will be taking a closer look at "The Oxbow" by Thomas Cole. This is a grand landscape painting with undertones about the growth of civilization in America during the 19th century.

Cole was the founder of the Hudson River School, which was a group of landscape painters known for their romantic portrayal of the American landscape.

Thomas Cole, The Oxbow, 1836
Thomas Cole, The Oxbow, 1836

Key Facts About "The Oxbow"

Here are some of the key facts about "The Oxbow":

  • It was painted in 1836.
  • The title is actually "View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, After a Thunderstorm (1836)" but it is more commonly referred to as "The Oxbow".
  • The painting features a stark contrast between the untamed wilderness on the left and the growth of civilization on the right. I go into more detail on this below.
  • If you look closely, you will see that Cole painted a tiny self-portrait at the bottom. There is a close-up of the self-portrait toward the end of this post.
  • In the distance, you can see logging scars in the landscape as it transitions from the wilderness into civilization. These logging scars appear to read as "Noah" in Hebrew letters (נח). From upside down, it appears to read as "Shaddai", which is one of the names given to God in the Hebrew Bible. All this was only noticed long after the landscape was actually painted, so it is just speculation as to whether this was done on purpose or not.
Close-Up 7 - Hebrew

Contrast Between the Untamed Wilderness and Civilization

One of the key features of this painting is the contrast between the untamed wilderness on the left and civilization on the right. You can almost cut the painting into two neat sections.

First, let's take a closer look at the untamed wilderness on the left.

For the sky, dark grays are used to paint the dramatic storm. Notice the subtle variation in color temperature, with some parts picking up the warmth of the light, and other parts being left in the cold shadow.

Cole skillfully hinted at the heavy downpour in the distance, with the brushwork seeming to pull downwards. If you look closely, you can also see lightning in the lower-left of the sky.

The trees, leaves and plants are painted with rich greens and browns; exactly what you would expect to see in the untamed wilderness. There are no strong highlights, with most of the lights being around the middle of the value range. This allows all the colors to appear very rich and full (colors tend to be less saturated at the very light end of the value range).

The trees appear incredibly dense. I am not sure how Cole painted this, but I assume he started with a dark base color then went over the top with lighter greens to add detail. There is also a dull cluster of trees in the distance which helps create a sense of depth in the painting.

Also, notice how organic all the shapes are on the left compared to the more geometric shapes on the right side.

Close-Up 5 - Untamed Wilderness

Then we have the right side of the painting which is in stark contrast to the untamed wilderness on the left. My first impression is that of calmness, peacefulness and organization.

The colors are soft and painted within a tight value range. There are no strong darks, with the darkest tone being around the middle of the value range. So on the left, there are no strong lights and on the right, there are no strong darks.

The sky is painted with delicate brushwork and many highlights. The orange streak on the horizon line provides a strong sense of light and really pulls you through the painting.

The river provides that classic "S" shape we so commonly see in landscapes. It also appears very neat. The scattered trees and patches of land show the growing civilization and contrast against the dense vegetation on the left.

Close-Up 6 - Civilization

(If you want to learn more about color, make sure to grab my free Color Theory Cheat Sheet). 

Intricate Brushwork and Detail

This is a very busy composition which features intricate brushwork and detail. But there are some areas where there is not much going on, like the blue of the sky and the river. These quiet areas provide some breathing room between the more detailed areas.

Tip: Painting (and life in general) is all about balance. Complex and detailed areas need simple and plain areas, just as much as red needs green, or as light needs shadow.

Cole used a high level of detail all throughout the painting, even for the clouds in the distance. As a result, there does not appear to be a key focal point. Rather, the painting as a whole seems to be in focus. I tend to be more selective with what I paint with intricate detail; this gives me more control over where I want people to look in my painting.

Using Sketches to Plan the Painting

Below is a sketch by Cole which was done in preparation for the painting. Sketches like this are incredibly useful for mapping out and testing your idea before you commit to a large and intricate painting like "The Oxbow".

Thomas Cole, Sketch, The Oxbow, c.1832
Thomas Cole, Sketch, The Oxbow, c.1832

Thomas Cole's Self-Portrait

As mentioned earlier in this post, Cole painted a tiny self-portrait at the bottom of the painting. He depicted himself nestled between the rocks and trees of the wilderness, looking over the river. This adds a personal touch to the painting and also hints at Cole's close association with the landscape, which makes sense as he built his life around landscape painting. Here is a close-up:

Thomas Cole, The Oxbow, 1836 - Self-Portrait

If you look closely, you can even see his signature with what appears to be his other possessions.

T Cole Signature and Easel

Back of the Painting

Here is a photo of the back of the painting. I always find it interesting to see how the master paintings are presented and we usually do not get a chance to see what is behind.

The Oxbow - Back of the Painting
The Oxbow - Back of the Painting

Key Takeaways from "The Oxbow"

Here are some of the key takeaways from "The Oxbow" which you could incorporate into your own paintings:

  • Contrast is everything in painting. Cole used contrast to make a point about the growing civilization.
  • The subject you are painting should determine the colors, brushwork and level of detail you use.
  • If you are going to paint a busy composition, then make sure you plan for it with sketches and other studies.
  • Think about different ways you can add a personal touch to your paintings. Cole did this by painting in a tiny self-portrait.

Additional Readings

A Closer Look at “The Starry Night” by Vincent van Gogh

10 Landscape Painting Tips Perfect For Beginners

William Wendt – Inspirational Landscape Paintings

Atmospheric Landscapes By Thomas Hill

Thanks for Reading!

Feel free to share with friends. If you want more painting tips, check out my fundamentals course.

Happy painting!

Dan Scott

Draw Paint Academy

Read more of my articles. 

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Comments

  2. Anne says

    Hi Dan
    My but you are generous! Thank you for sharing all your knowledge about the various artists and their work.

  3. MARLINDA ALEXANDER says

    How did Cole do you think come up with the name “The Oxbow” for his painting? Just curious.

    • William Chesser says

      I am a geologist. In geological terms, the sinuous stretch of the river is called an “oxbow”. Simply put.

    • Marian says

      I’m learning something every time I read your pages and learn more when I read a second time. You bring out so many details that I hadn’t seen and still search for in The Oxbow… such as his signature.

  5. Barbara says

    A delight to read …thank you! Although I have seen this painting several times in various publications, your commentary really brought a new perspective for this viewer. The term oxbow refers to the curved path cut by the flow of the river which will eventually cut a more direct path and close off the bow or bend in the stream. This most often creates a lake effect where there was formerly a flowing stream.

  6. Rebecca Page says

    Thank you! I live about an hour from this location, and paint upriver often, so it was fun to see a master’s hand. I was especially intrigued with how easily my eyes flowed through the entire composition after noticing the painter first.

    • Dan Scott says

      No problem Rebecca! That’s wonderful that you live so close to this location. Thanks, Dan

  7. Shari T says

    Very interesting read! Clever guy, he was, to hide a tiny portrait of himself like that- I would have never guessed that or even thought to look had you not mentioned it. Thanks for doing the research and sharing!

  9. Shirley says

    Really interesting post..especially as I had not heard of Cole! I loved the idea of the painting
    and think it is really a beautiful landscape painting. Thank you Dan
    Shirley

  10. Chris Forrest says

    Another insightful and helpful presentation. Thank you. Keep up the good work.

  11. William Chesser says

    The comment by Barbara talks about the oxbow (sinuous curve in the river) being cut off from the main stream. That cut off crescent-shaped lake is called an oxbow lake. I am a geologist, painter. Loved the analysis and the composition.

  12. William Chesser says

    The comment by Barbara talks about the oxbow (sinuous curve in the river) being cut off from the main stream. That cut off crescent-shaped lake is called an oxbow lake. I am a geologist, painter. Loved the analysis and the composition. This is additional information from my previous comment.

  13. Caroline Pomahac says

    So much to learn. So much I would never have noticed about this painting without your thoughtful and experienced guidance. Thank you.

  14. JOAN SPECKING says

    Dan, so glad you shared this from the Hudson River School. I studied Western American History for my graduate degree and of course the art was a fascinating part of our studies. (That was a long time ago as I graduated in the 1980s!) I would love to see the original of this someday. Thank you so much for all the insight you provided regarding Cole’s The Oxbow!!!

    • Dan Scott says

      No problem at all Joan! I would also love to see an original, in person. Thanks, Dan

  15. sandra vanderwood says

    Thank you for teaching me how to really look into a painting. It is of utmost value when I learn to paint better.

  16. Cathy Lozano says

    Oh my gosh! You have opened my eyes at how to look at art. I just dabble. I have a very long way to go. Thank you thank you, thank you.

  17. Ingrid Johnson says

    Fascinating! Thank you for this paining and the background on th piece. I thoroughly enjoyed reading through it. I just wrote a paper for school on Cole’s quintet of paintings called The Course of Empire, which really serves as a warning to mankind about the importance of living peacefully with nature rather than conquering and destroying it, lest we eventually destroy ourselves in the process. Because he lived during the Industrial Revolution, with railroads transforming the way civilization interacted with the landscape, and he was a Romantic era painter, he became one of the first conservationists, and that theme is depicted in his paintings. “The Oxbow” seems to illustrate a transition from savage to pastoral in a way that he advocated.

  18. Chris Grant says

    Thank you for this analysis. One of my instructors doesn’t like this painting because she says it violates the rule of third vertically as well as horizontally, and is not balanced i.e. the same colors appear on the right as on the left. I disagree. The rule of thirds is a kind of cheap rule, in my opinion. And I like how one could diagram the painting one way using value, and another way using color and/or warmth/coolness. I think the tension implied in all those diagrams implies conflict, and I think conflict is a theme of the painting – progress versus tradition, storm versus calm.

    • Dan Scott says

      Thanks Chris

      That is why I think it is good to understand the “rules” but not follow them all that strictly. Art becomes boring if you apply strict rules to it like that.

      Thanks! Dan

  21. Ruth says

    Just love the ‘5%’ emphasis of red in the umbrella and a smidgen of red on the artist’s jacket, enhanced with another smidgen of white! YUM!! brings the painting alive!

  22. Deborah McCrary says

    Dan, this was awesome! I’m curious about mixing all the paint to get these greens he used in this painting. Especially the green color on the back and right side of the painting.

    • Dan Scott says

      Hi Deborah, that green in the back looks pretty warm. So I would assume it has some yellow ochre in there? I am not sure what colors he had on his palette though. Thanks! Dan

  23. SUE FOSS says

    Thanks for helping me learn how to examine a painting. I wouldn’t have noticed certain things had you not pointed them out.

  24. David Malt says

    Hi Dan,
    Great post, I really liked “The Oxbow”‘. I have a particular liking for landscapes although I appreciate brush art in general. The history behind the painting is enlightening, I hope you do more of this in the future.

    Thanks, Dave M (Australia )

  25. Ruth Marshall says

    And also Dan, regarding the flag/umbrella placed at an angle taking the eye down to the Oxbow, giving a real sense of depth, height and space – this painting is amazing and one would never tire of looking at it!

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